Born into the hearing world, a deaf person did not have the same opportunities as a non-deaf person. A child born deaf never heard the ocean, never heard music, and would always be a social outcast to the hearing world.
Frank Bowe, a deaf professor and writer, wrote, "Deafness…is, for me, much like living in a glass box. If any of you has watched a movie on a transcontinental flight without using the earphones, you will have a sense of what I mean".
Crossing this communication barrier came slow for the Deaf Community. Years of contemptible treatment caused by ignorance of Deaf2 culture led to an uprising. Congress passed the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 which, in Section 504, paved the way towards the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) following a revolt at Gallaudet University. These three events, centered about the revolt at Gallaudet University, provided the Deaf Community and all disabled people equality both never before experienced.
First, to understand how people perceive deafness, one must recognize that two different perspectives exist regarding deafness: the pathological model and the cultural model. The pathological model suggests that the behaviors and abilities of hearing people is the norm and that deaf people digress from this norm. According to the pathological model, deaf people were “idiots” who needed to be fixed. The model focuses on the disability of the person and not on the person's culture.
This view “would seek to deny the very existence of the Deaf Community…This is the perspective that has been traditionally held by a majority of non-deaf professionals who interact with the Deaf Community” (American Deaf Culture). The cultural model perceives the Deaf Community as a way of life, a culture, that shares a form of communication providing the community with its own identity as well as a common language (American Deaf Culture). Before 1970's, many people still perceived the Deaf as a diseased group needing treatment.
Before the Gallaudet revolt, people treated the Deaf Community as a group of outcasts. Deaf children were not tolerated by their own families. The child was “regarded with pity by the rest of the family… [and] carefully kept out of sight when visitors [were] in” (Asylum for Idiots), and eventually shipped to an institution. Usually, the families of deaf children believed that “an idiot in the family is a hopeless case, on whom all education is thrown away, and all effort at improvement [is] a waste of time” (Asylum for Idiots).
This stereotype forced upon the Deaf Community arose from the intolerance and misunderstanding of the deaf person's ability to communicate and perform equally with the hearing world. Most people believed that no hope existed for a deaf person. Frank Bowe wrote “a forty-seven-year-old man was unable to hear, lip-read, speak, read, or write because he had never received the education he needed”.
Although many educators of the 1900's regarded education of the death a waste of taxpayers' money, a few institutions were established to support and educate deaf people. The first of these institutions, established in 1832, was the New-York Institution for the Deaf. Although the institution kept a pathological view on the topic of educating the deaf, it was a beginning to pursue equality for the Deaf Community in employment, education, and all rights that others take for granted.
One of the greatest movements for the Deaf Community was the passing of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and primarily Section 504. Section 504 focused on “providing education, health care, housing, social services, or parks and recreation” (Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act) for disabled people. This federal act . Not only did Section 504 help the disabled earn money, it granted them independence from caretakers. Still, the Deaf Community would not find equality for another fifteen years.
Over a decade later, deaf students at Gallaudet University, in Washington, D.C., voiced their rights in a revolt named Deaf President Now. The university teaches deaf students to overcome social bindings and become leaders. On March 5, 1988, a protest broke out at the school after the university board hired Elizabeth Zinser, a hearing woman, despite the bilateral requests from students and faculty for a deaf president. The University populace felt betrayed by the school's teachings of leadership potential.
On March 6, students and faculty participated in a protest march in front of the Mayflower Hotel, the location of the board's meeting discussing the three finalists for the position of president. Jane Spilman, the board chair, met with three of the student representatives and hastily commented, “Deaf people are incapable of functioning in the real world”. Gary Olsen, the executive director of the National Association for the Deaf, backed the students and staff by stating, “The school educates the deaf to lead, then won't give deaf people a chance to lead”. If Gallaudet University failed to model Deaf equality by refusing to hire a deaf president, how would the nation respond to deaf leadership?
