From the middle of the 19th century until the start of World War I, many events took place that contributed to a volatile situation in Europe. Conflicts ranging from disagreements to wars and from secessions to annexations plagued the continent and its surroundings with an endless slew of fighting. This lead to a complex network of alliances and enmities, and instilled many feelings of nationalism and pride in citizens and leaders alike (Sheffield). With these seeds of conflict sown, it was only a matter of time until the years of built-up resentment broke out into warfare. Beginning in 1914, each country having its own justifications, dozens of nations from around the world plunged into what was then known as The Great War. Two of those countries, Russia and Germany, will be addressed in this paper. It will explain the two primary justifications of Russia's involvement in the First World War, address Germany's reactions to the same, and provide a subjective defense of Russia's entry.
One major reason behind Russia's involvement in the war was their preexisting political alliances. The most prominent and influential of these in regards to Russia's entry was their alignment with Serbia. Though no official defense treaty existed between the two states in 1914, Russia had always been defensive of Serbia. The two nations shared related languages, similar cultures, and a common religion (Sheffield). These cultural similarities were enough for Russia to consider Serbia an ally, and vice versa. In fact, Russia had come to Serbia's aide previously, in an 1908 crisis that will be addressed later. This friendship with Serbia proved to be enough to call Russia to Serbia's defense when threats came from the government of Austria-Hungary. Russian officials, including Czar Nicholas II, attempted to dissuade Austro-Hungarian officials from launching an offensive against Serbia. These pleas were ignored, and Serbia was attacked. In response, Russia mobilized a respectable portion of their sizable military, which included several branches of service. This mobilization would later be the heaviest weight on Germany's balance as German leaders debated whether or not to intervene in the war-this will also be addressed later.
Another leading factor playing into Russia's entry into the Great War was a sense of nationalism and a general hunger for victory caused by several defeats in the years leading up to 1914. One such conflict was the Crimean War, which took place from 1854 until 1856. This war was fought primarily on the Crimean Peninsula, a mass of land extending into the Black Sea. Its origins, like those of World War I, are largely ambiguous, but it was primarily caused by conflicting powers in the Middle East (Lieven 124). In this war, Imperial Russia was defeated by the smaller armies of the United Kingdom, France, and the Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, Austria, who Czar Nicholas I assumed would align itself with Russia, supported the Allies. This war contributed to Russia's involvement in the Great War in two major ways: first, the loss fueled a need to win and overcome embarrassment; second, Austria became politically and diplomatically isolated following the war, as it had betrayed its biggest ally, Russia. This isolation led to Austria's defeat in the Austro-Prussian war, which led to Austria-Hungary's alliance with Germany some years later. This alliance would obviously play a major role in World War I.
A second conflict lost by Russia in the years leading up to World War I was the Russo-Japanese war. This was was fought in 1904 and 1905, and concerned control over Korea. Again, the Russians were soundly defeated. This time, the loss was even more humiliating-never had an Eastern power so decisively defeated a European power (which Russia was contemporarily considered) (Martel 271). This defeat brought shame to the people of Russia, along with Czar Nicholas II. The need for a Russian victory grew.
Yet another diplomatic failure for Russia occurred only a few years after the Russo-Japanese War when Austria-Hungary annexed the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina. After Emperor Franz Josef I of Austria-Hungary announced the annexation, Europe was thrown into tumult. Some nations supported the annexation, while others, Russia included, felt it to be in violation of the Treaty of Berlin (Gatrell 49). Russia also felt that this annexation would make Austria-Hungary too strong, thus threatening the security of their Serbian allies. After many months of negotiations and intricate diplomatic maneuvering, it was decided that the Treaty of Berlin would be amended, and the Austro-Hungarian annexation Bosnia-Herzegovina would be recognized by the European powers (Lieven 40).
These three losses were all major blows to Russia's pride in the decades leading into the Great War. They set the stage even further for a public demand of a Russian victory. As Orestes Ferrara wrote after the conclusion of the war, "The great losses suffered by the Russian state created a desire for victory with a strong sense of urgency; the national pride was replaced by shame" (Ferrara 190). Combined with the influence of Russian alliances, these losses composed the majority of Czar Nicholas II's rationale behind his nation's entrance into the First World War (Martel 214).
