Applying the SHELL model, the demographic factors (Environment) affects risky driving behavior particularly speeding behavior of male drivers (Live ware) according to the above research and targeted law enforcement at different places and time (Software) where young males are prevalent and use of hardware like speed cameras at signal light intersections (hardware) to reduce the likely hood of risky driving behavior of young adult inexperienced male drivers and there fore reduce traffic offenses and the possibility of accident on roads committed by young adult males compared to young adult females.
Additionally, the Shell model also can help to refine countermeasures by improving the graduated licensing procedures for young males and improving the training programs to improve cognitive skills and hazard perception to increase the drivers behavior towards responsible driver behavior there fore reduce more effectively the probability of accidents on roads and the commitment of traffic offenses by young adults on NSW roads. As well, drink driving also contributes to high-risk driver behavior. Shell model suggests to more stringent law enforcement for such behaviors as well media campaigns directed towards the risk of accident by young adults in community and school, TAFE, University drug and alcohol educational program to increase the awareness of young adults of negative consequences of drink driving and there fore to change their attitudes, motives and appropriate perception to control the vehicle in a complex road environment in NSW roads.
Driver distraction and road accident
Young, K. et. el. (2003) In an article "Driver distraction: A Review of the Literature" has highlighted that the in vehicle technology and non-technology distractions can contribute to road accidents because it negatively affect driver performance in terms of reaction times, visual problems and speed control and other factors and contribute to accidents even though these distracting behavior is at an early stage in Australia compared to Europe and America. This author has proposed several counter measures to minimize distractive task and behavior
Research Issues
The author has emphasized to conduct research to the study of the prevalence of distracting activities within the vehicle combined with epidemiological data from the study being conducted by the University of Western Australia Department of Public Health Injury Research Center to initially assess the magnitude of this distractive behavior in Australia and if it is significant, then better recording of Police of this distractive behavior in crashes is needed.
This research paper proposes to conduct a research to develop the taxonomy of driver distraction within the vehicle and categorize them according to how distracting they are in absolute and in relative terms.
In addition, the author of this report also suggests to conduct research to determine what factors contribute the drivers willingness in distractive tasks while driving and under what conditions. As well, the report also suggests there is insufficient knowledge of the correct use of in-vehicle technologies as intended by the designer and at what point and under what conditions they become distracting.
It also has highlighted to conduct research how the outside distracting events quantitatively affect the driver absolutely and in relative terms. As well, how the in vehicle distracting in combination with outside distracting affect the drivers performance absolutely and in relative terms.
In addition, this research paper also has highlighted the need to develop standardized measures of distracters so that they enable accurate comparison across studies. In addition, this author of this research paper also have insisted to further research in to the modes of input and output such as tactile feedback and voice activation as an alternative to determine whether they are feasible safe methods compared to manual entry systems. As well, in regards to mobile phones and taking notes while driving the author of this research points to conduct research to design Human Machine Interface (HMI) to eliminate these secondary tasks while driving.
In this research paper the author also suggest that it is essential to conduct research as to the distracting behavior of pedestrians by using mobile phones and pedestrian navigators as potential distracting tasks of pedestrians. As well, this report suggests that the overall cost and benefit of various technologies used in vehicle must be assessed before restricting or prohibiting because for some driver groups it may be beneficial. For example the report points that truck drivers listening to radio while driving is essential for vigilance even though it is a distracting task.
Distracting Driver tasks and counter measures - Education and Training
It also has insisted to make the motoring public to be aware of the distracting effect on their driver performance. As well, it is essential to educate drivers to use the in vehicle technologies and mobile phones in a least distracting manner by pointing them to optimal use of these in vehicle technologies while driving. In addition, it also suggest that the manufacturers of these technologies to provide drivers the most ergonomic and least distracting methods of operating these in vehicle technologies in their manuals and tutorials.
