Employment appears to the one of the main reasons for migration of the people. Economic constraint at the native place of the migrants motivates or couples the people to leave their original place in search of livelihood or economic betterment at different destinations in urban zones.
Employment appears to the one of the main reasons for migration of the people. Economic constraint at the native place of the migrants motivates or couples the people to leave their original place in search of livelihood or economic betterment at different destinations in urban zones. A survey of relevant data conducted from time to time revealed that nearly one third of the migrants have arrived in the cities only for seeking employment. It is well known that large proportion of rural villages depends entirely on farm work. These people are unable to sustain themselves, as most of them remain without rest or 5-6 months in a year. This ultimately results in their poverty. Leaving apart a few cases of big landlords, a young son of marginal farmer would never prefer to pursue himself in the profession of farming for obvious reasons. Only a less educated helpless person who can't do anything else would be a part of it. Secondly, the holdings are also going to be lesser and lesser day by day and the some area of land is now insufficient for generating self employment for landless people.
Above all speedy expansion of house and cities, through continuous acquisition of adjoining agricultural land, is a sword hanging and an impending threat to rural people curtailing the availability of cultivable land to the farmers. Education level is an important parameter for an individual which influences migration motivation and determines mobility pattern to a large extent. Nearly 5% of people migrate for this reason. There is a lack of opportunities for rural youth to acquire sufficient as well as quality of education in the rural sector. They are also devoid of any such facilities which are necessary to lift their personality as schools in the rural areas are comparatively low. In additions, the pattern of education is such that most of the youth are left untrained and are unable to take up any type of self-employment. If one tries to enter into some sort of trade, huge sums of money and risks are involved, which rural people can't afford. It is also not easy to set up a business in rural areas unless good means of transport and communication are available there.
At present there is limited scope for trade in the rural areas therefore people prefer cities in search of livelihood. The role of education factor in respect of movement of individuals also reflects their urge to seek better employment opportunities. Thus the migration of resourceful and well educated people from rural zones to urban zones is favourable for urban development. As a result rural development is either hampered, remains static or may even deteriorate for want of an effective and forceful forum to raise the voice of the innocent rural people. It is understood from various reports that around one fifth of the migrants come to cities for reasons like political and cultural and also some times due to incidence of natural calamities here. There are numerous other invisible causes for migration which technically don't seem to be so important yet are reposed by some authors to have played a definite role in this phenomena of migration from rural to urban centers and vice versa or from one region to another
Notable among these are:
Social conflicts and social tension
Gap in civilization / culture
Law and Order situation
Inequalities in the available social and economic opportunities and other amenities of life between groups of people and or sectors.
Income maximization.
Inequitable distribution of benefits of economic development.
Social mobility and social status aspirations.
Residential satisfaction.
Friend and family influences
Desire for attaining lifestyle, performance and enjoyment.
Development of some sort of complex.
As regards the consequence of migration, we find that the concept of migration in India has been mostly in terms of rural to urban zone and its consequences have been perceived more from the urban end. In addition unrestricted expansion of cities has resulted in high levels of pollution due to lack of public conveniences and unlimited number of vehicles plying on the roads. Safety of life is also minimal for this very reason. While all witness the adverse effect of migration over the urban society, the rural society also gets affected in a number of ways. The pinch experienced by rural people is not of a small magnitude. Those very people who could do something for the welfare of the rural society go away and as per the practice, they think and fight primarily for the welfare of urbanities. In this manner, both the societies suffer a set back. However a section of migrated urbanites think and raise voice for the upliftment of their counter parts in the rural zone. In that situation there starts an unending tug of war between the two groups of society, which is not congenial for the growth and development of the country. To check this menace a well planned strategy has to the worked out by all concerned. Steps are also needed for its implementation in time. Top priority needs to be given to creating of work opportunities, generalization of full time employment in and around the villages and providing at least bare minimum amenities in the rural sector. While proportionate budgetary allocation for the rural sector may not be feasible due to the prevalent economic crisis, provision of higher allocation for this sector appears necessary as regular feature till such time as the conditions of rural people is improved to the extent that the younger generation feels proud in staying back in the villages, earning their livelihood right there and not getting fascinated by the glamour of the cities. This could be achieved only by formulating rural oriented schemes at the national level and planning of the type that the rural society is not deprived of the benefits of progress made by the country and is able to avail all sorts of facilities / amenities available to the urbanites. It will be unjust to conclude that nothing has been done for the rural sector. The government has attached due importance to the problem and has launched important programmes.Over these years, schemes like that of providing clean drinking water communication media, dairy, development and removal of illiteracy in the rural sector have been taken up. Despite all this, if has not been possible to check the migration of people from rural sector to urban sector. Cities continue to grow at a fast speed.
