Change in Lifestyle

Many of these people are used to living off the land. Their previous dwellings were simple one roomed huts and they would raise a few goats and chickens and plant a small patch of corn. However, the money in the cities entices them along with promises from the government of free housing, water and electricity for all. Sadly, their dreams often fracture into the reality of over 40% unemployment and no shelter.

Building Materials

Being a communal type of people, they tend to congregate in areas. Usually a patch of land between suburbs or vacant plots in industrial zones. Their building materials are anything that comes to hand. Broken bits of board, plastic sheeting, rusty corrugated iron, mud, and used bricks. Out of these, they construct small, one roomed shacks, in close proximity to each other. Roofing material is held in place by bricks, tubs of stones, old car tyres and logs. The settlement sizes vary from clusters of thirty to sprawls of several thousand.

Living Conditions

As many as six people live in a shack. The walls are lined with newspaper and the floor is bare earth or cheap linoleum. Beds or mattresses are shared and there may be a chair or two to sit on. Generally there is one door and no windows. Lamps and candles are the main source of light although some have illegally tapped in to a power line and siphon off "free" electricity.

Fires

As can be expected, these cramped living conditions give rise to a number of problems. Fires are very common as cooking is done on kerosene stoves or over open flames. Because of their construction, an entire settlement can burn down very quickly, often leading to the death of unsupervised babies and children.

Health

Health issues are another big concern. A few years back, cholera ravaged many communities and took months to bring under control. Rivers are used for bathing, drinking and as toilets and this leads to rapid spread of infection. Littering is also very common and the piles of waste attract rats and create unhygienic conditions.

Violence

Violence is another trademark of these settlements. Tempers run high as frustrations caused by unemployment and living standards are fuelled by cheap beer. Rape is an every day occurrence and brawls and fights common.

Police Action

In the past, police would occasionally come in with bulldozers and flatten a settlement in response to complaints received. These days, they generally do nothing, the reasoning being that they cannot destroy people's homes without offering them an alternative. Land owners have gone as far as obtaining eviction orders, but police say they are impossible to carry out. In cases where the shacks have been destroyed, they are often reconstructed within days.

Lack of Interest

In fact, the lack of interest by the police and government seems to be the biggest problem for the informal residents as well as their neighbours. Sometimes a couple of taps will be installed to supply clean drinking water or a water tanker parked on site. One large settlement in Cape Town has been supplied with power, but generally these people are ignored until another fire breaks out, another baby is raped or another health crisis erupts.

There are many ways by which water is polluted. The important sources of water pollution are: Domestic sewage (organic pollution), Biological and chemical oxygen demand, Industrial wastes (Industrial pollution).

Domestic sewage consists of human faeces, urine and the dirty used up water in houses. It contains a number of pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The sewage is released into the rivers. This causes the spreading of water borne diseases like dysentery, cholera, typhoid, malaria, etc.

Biological oxygen demand of sewage is defined as the amount of free oxygen required (in mg /s) for the bacterial break down of the organic matter under aerobic conditions at 20°C in a sample of water for a period of five days. It indicates the amount of decomposable organic matter in the sewage. Chemical oxygen demand is defined as the amount of oxygen (mg /L) consumed under specified conditions in the oxidation of organic and utilizable inorganic matter. It is a measure of both biologically utilizable and biologically inert matter, i.e. the total oxidizable impurities present in the sewage.

Industrial wastes (Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Zn, etc., petroleum, acids, alkalies, cyanides, chlorine) pollutants injure or kill fish and other aquatic life and also make water unfit for drinking. Compounds of metals like lead, arsenic and cadmium frequently act as water pollutants.

We all have to take immediate step to prevent water pollution.